Holm Oak
Quercus ilex
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Description
Holm Oak, or Quercus ilex, is a robust evergreen tree native to the Mediterranean region, playing a critical role in agroecology and regenerative agriculture. It serves as a canopy layer in food forests, providing shade and habitat for a diverse range of wildlife. Its deep root system stabilizes soil, making it excellent for erosion control and windbreaks. Holm Oak is a keystone species in Mediterranean ecosystems, supporting biodiversity by providing food and shelter. Historically, its acorns were a staple food for many cultures, and its wood has been used for construction and fuel. In guilds, it pairs well with nitrogen-fixing shrubs like Cytisus scoparius (Scotch broom) and ground covers such as Thymus vulgaris (thyme) to enhance soil fertility and biodiversity.
Growing Details
Holm Oak thrives in well-drained soils with full sun exposure. It is drought-tolerant once established and can grow in poor, rocky soils. For optimal growth, prepare the soil by adding organic matter and mulch to retain moisture. Companion plants like rosemary and lavender can help repel pests and enhance biodiversity. Avoid overwatering, especially in clay soils. Harvest acorns in autumn, ensuring they are fully mature. Store in a cool, dry place after processing.
Tags
Keystone Specie
Hedge
Carbon Farming
Attracts Wildlife
Fire Wood
Building Wood
Windbreak
Erosion Preventing
Bee Friendly
Visual Appeal
Range (Based on GBIF Data)
The map shows known occurrence points of <strong>Quercus ilex</strong> recorded in scientific biodiversity databases.
Source: <a href="https://www.gbif.org" target="_blank">GBIF.org</a> โ Global Biodiversity Information Facility
Location & Timing
native geo location: Mediterranean region
applicable geo region: Southern Europe, North Africa, Western Asia
language used: en
Flowering:
middle
of April for 30 days
Harvest:
middle
of September for 60 days
Seed Start:
?
Indoor Start:
Transplant:
Uses & Benefits
Edible Rating:
(3/5)
edible uses: The acorns of Holm Oak, after leaching to remove tannins, can be ground into flour or roasted for consumption. They are a rich source of carbohydrates and fats, traditionally used in Mediterranean diets.
Medicinal Rating:
(2/5)
medicinal uses: The bark and leaves of Holm Oak have astringent properties and have been used in traditional medicine to treat minor wounds and inflammations. Decoctions can be prepared for topical applications.
health concerns: Acorns contain tannins, which can be toxic if consumed in large quantities without proper processing. Ensure thorough leaching before consumption.
other uses: The dense and durable wood of Holm Oak is ideal for firewood, charcoal, and construction. It is also valued in furniture making due to its strength and resilience.
Scientific Literature
Loading scientific articles about <strong>Quercus ilex</strong>...
Botanical data
specie: Quercus ilex
common names: Holm Oak; Holly Oak; Evergreen Oak
family: Fagaceae
sub family:
tribe:
sub tribe:
genus: Quercus
Growing Conditions
area needed: 10.0 m
spacing: 10.0 m
growing difficulty: Medium
Deciduous / Evergreen:
Seed Temp (Opt/Min/Max): 15ยฐC / 10ยฐC / 20ยฐC
Plant Temp (Opt/Min/Max): 15ยฐC / -10ยฐC / 40ยฐC
water demands: Low
humidity:
light demands: High
root type: Deep
frost tender: Low
hardness:
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(8/10)
first harvest: 20 years
life span: 500 years
succession: Late
growth rate: Slow
max height: 20.0 m
max width: 15.0 m
soil preference:
Medium (Loam)
pH preference:
Neutral
flower type:
Monoecious
growth details: Holm Oak thrives in well-drained soils with full sun exposure. It is drought-tolerant once established and can grow in poor, rocky soils. For optimal growth, prepare the soil by adding organic matter and mulch to retain moisture. Companion plants like rosemary and lavender can help repel pests and enhance biodiversity. Avoid overwatering, especially in clay soils. Harvest acorns in autumn, ensuring they are fully mature. Store in a cool, dry place after processing.
Potential Disturbances: Holm Oak can be affected by the oak processionary moth and powdery mildew. Introduce natural predators like birds and parasitic wasps to control moth populations. Use neem oil or a garlic spray to manage mildew. Planting garlic or chives nearby can help deter pests.
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